Cosmopolitan Solidarity

A sociological perspective on values of the European Union

Abstract

This paper explores the crucial connection between values, especially solidarity, and the integration processes at both intergovernmental (systemic) and societal levels within the European Union. It argues that the EU has predominantly focused on intergovernmental solidarity, often neglecting social solidarity, which became particularly apparent during the post-2008 polycrises and the increased refugee influx. The lack of intergovernmental solidarity is highlighted by the inability of member states to agree on burden-sharing and coordinated asylum policies, revealing a prioritization of national interests.

To address the issue of social solidarity, the paper introduces the concept of ‘cosmopolitanism from below', as defined by Arjun Appadurai, focused on the ability to aspire, which is widespread throughout society, emphasizing concrete practices and local initiatives in operationalizing solidarity at the societal level. The Riace model in Calabria, Italy, is presented as a practical example of 'cosmopolitanism from below', demonstrating how welcoming migrants and promoting intercultural exchange - often conflicting with national and EU government policy - can lead to social cohesion and redefine the sense of belonging through shared values and experiences of marginality.

The paper critiques the epistemological and methodological limitations of mainstream European studies on values, which often adopt a Eurocentric perspective and a static view of society, neglecting the dynamics of transnationality and cultural hybridization. In conclusion, the paper suggests the need for a new institutional framework within the EU that promotes social dialogue, cultural bridge-building, and greater involvement of local and regional authorities and civil society in implementing European values and managing migration. The Riace model is proposed as a potential pilot project within the framework of the European Pact on Migration and Asylum, underlining the importance of bottom-up approaches in strengthening European cohesion and reconnecting social integration with systemic integration. The paper emphasizes that adopting strategies based on 'cosmopolitanism from below' necessitates a cultural shift within the epistemic community studying European values, moving away from trajectory-based and Eurocentric visions.